Computed tomography (CT), developed in the early 1970s, revolutionized diagnostic radiology by providing physicians with three-dimensional images of anatomical structures, reconstructed from a set of contiguous tomographic two-dimensional images. However, two-dimensional X-ray imaging does not provide complete information of an organ or pathology necessary for diagnosis or planning treatment.

Two-dimensional radiography has been the basis for imaging human anatomy since the discovery of X-rays. The principles involved in three-dimensional US imaging are then illustrated with a diagnostic and an interventional application: (i) three-dimensional carotid US imaging for quantification and monitoring of carotid atherosclerosis and (ii) three-dimensional US-guided prostate biopsy.

Thus, in this paper, we review the various techniques that are in current use in three-dimensional US imaging systems, with a particular emphasis placed on the geometric accuracy of the generation of three-dimensional images.

Investigators and companies have addressed these limitations by developing three-dimensional US techniques. This practice is inefficient, and may lead to variability and incorrect diagnoses.

However, two-dimensional viewing of three-dimensional anatomy, using conventional two-dimensional US, limits our ability to quantify and visualize the anatomy and guide therapy, because multiple two-dimensional images must be integrated mentally. Ultrasound (US) imaging is an important cost-effective technique used routinely in the management of a number of diseases. The past two decades have witnessed developments of new imaging techniques that provide three-dimensional images about the interior of the human body in a manner never before available.

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